A Brief Introduction to Systematic Living Essay -- Natural, Man Made,

a significantly bigger arrangement of frameworks. It is not necessarily the case that frameworks suggest request. Nor do the terms â€Å"systemic† or â€Å"systematic†, in spite of the fact that they are much of the time used to propose precisely that. An incredible inverse. There is an unbelievable measure of confusion that happens at each scale, in both regular and man-made frameworks. Frameworks of any sort can be erratic, and take on their very own existence. One look at the juggernaut of administration that is the U.S. government exhibits this pleasantly without spending another breath demonstrating the point†¦ I’ve been fortunate enough in life to have been tossed into circumstances where it appeared I was constantly compelled to figure out a wide grouping of frameworks. A great many people call these circumstances â€Å"problems†, and I did too for a long time. My first vocation started during the U.S. Army’s change into the New Army of the post-Cold War time. I served for about 10 years, stateside and abroad, took part in the organization of worldwide teams under U.N. control, and assembled and dealt with the sending office for the USARPAC power projection stage. I learned, by experimentation, the intricate details of the staff the executives administration and how to structure PC based answers for some issues. As opposed to prevalent thinking, the military was not in any way forefront in its endeavors at computerizing even essential office archives, substantially less mind boggling forms. We despite everything utilized essentially count sheets, log books, and typewriters to run Division-level tasks even in the mid 1990s. The sparkling exemption to this was Microsoft Powerpoint. Our officers lived and inhaled their fight theaters through an unending torrent of Powerpoint slideshow briefings. My first Army Achievement Medal was grant... ...its Own Reward Substance Relationship Mapping: What Software Teaches Us About Grammar Agreeable Evolution as a Systemic Norm Specialization versus Speculation Plan with Perpetuality Sweet Chaos Structure with Intentionality This Cell Isn’t Big Enough for the Two of Us: The Prisoner’s Dilemma Saving Hammurabi’s Palace KISS A LEGOâ„ ¢ in Every Pot Entropic Economics 101 Two is One, One is None Give Me My Damn Twinky! Regular Rights versus Human Rights A Calendar for Every Season Can’t a Squirrel Get a Nut? Control Yourself Of Mollison and Gall, Dawkins and Waal The Lie of Dichotomy: Heads I Win, Tails You Lose At the point when You Piss in the Global Wind, We All Get Wet Works Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_projection http://systemic.permacultureuniversity.net/?p=3

Methodology Guidelines for Construction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Procurement Methodology Guidelines for Construction. Answer: Presentation The acquisition approaches have various impacts, which they can bring to a task. The achievements of the ventures are profoundly influenced by the sort of the acquirement draws near, which are utilized. From the cost ramifications to the proficient of usage and furthermore the execution time frames are a portion of the key components which are influenced by the decision of the obtainment approach picked. The examination of the [procurement approaches on the given undertakings must be done to decide the best methodology. The various methodologies can perform on various undertakings dependent on the determinations of the tasks itself. This implies the disappointment of one methodology on a specific venture doesn't imply that it won't prevail on another task. The distinctions in ventures particulars can prompt the exhibition contrasts in the tasks. The primary point of the acquirement approaches is to ensure that the tasks are finished inside the predetermined course of events, ready to meet the expense evaluated and ready to meet the customers quality prerequisites. This paper will have the option to break down the distinctive acquisition draws near. Furthermore, it will have the option to search for the best proper methodology for the league square undertaking. It will have the option to suggest that obtainment approach which would help to splendidly execute this undertaking and the manner in which it would improve the exhibition factors for the usage of this venture. The alliance square is found north of the Princes Bridge and limited by Flinders Street and the Yarra River. The undertaking covers an expected region of 7.9 sections of land and is evaluated to cost about $345 million. Additionally, the undertaking is fixed to give three essential open zones which incorporate St Pauls court, The square and the Atrium. Also, the development of this venture depends on a solid deck, which is over the railroad on the go across purposes of Flinders road and Swanston Street on Kilda street. This undertaking can give key social and city festivities to the inhabitants in Melbourne. With an expected 6 million inhabitants who visit the alliance square every year, the task is critical to upgrading the work and economy of these individuals. The execution of the task is as far as cooperation between Victorian government which had the help of the Commonwealth government and Melbourne City Council. The task had an underlying quote of $128 million. By the by, the execution cost ascended to $345 million and was found to have postponed with 26 months rendering the underlying expense as unreasonable figure. The cost contrast on the underlying evaluation was found through the accessible financing which was accessible as of now. The alliance square venture is one of the key super undertaking which can offer an appropriate investigation of the manner in which the obtainment approaches can perform on a task. The progressions had the option to occur from the offering add up to the honor sum. At long last, Lab engineering and Bates Smart met up and worked together where they were to plan the task. The coordinated effort had the option to prompt various issues and triumphs on the undertaking execution. The necessities and execution process had the option to offer basic components which prompted the task being an optimizing one. The administration utilized the optimizing system on the task and turned into the key main impetus for the venture. The methodology was intended to help the plan tem to have the option to think of the best documentation of the task. By and by, the multifaceted nature of this venture offered a significant test to this technique for usage of the task and came about to the different difficulties on the undertaking, for example, the cost additions and defers experienced. On the procedure of the optimizing execution, Multiplex was designated with no serious offering process. On the procedure, eleven months after the beginning of the works, Multiplex had the option to put ahead a case of $19.1 million to the administration so as to cover the postponements and harms which were brought about by nonattendance of the absence of legitimate legally binding understanding between the gatherings. This is a little piece of the issues which were experienced on the undertaking because of an inappropriate decision of obtainment approach. Also, in 2002, the agreement understanding was modified which had the option to prompt development Management course of action. The primary purpose behind the adjustment was because of different issues which had the option to incorporate; the ever changing and fragmented plans and documentations, the hesitance of the Office of Major Projects to bargain the engineering so as to have the option to hazard the distribution for structure to Multiplex. In addition, other purpose behind the modification is the more debates, which were coming over plan expense for the extra expenses and the improvements of the structures, which were proceeding through the delicate period. The acquisition approaches are key in guaranteeing that the tasks can meet the various particulars of the activities. The achievement of the tasks is to a great extent associated with the sort of the acquisition approaches which is accepted. Also, the employments of some key methodologies in certain tasks can moderate the issues, which are experienced on different methodologies. Utilization of some acquisition approaches would have had the option to take care of some key issues in the league square venture. The expense and course of events of execution are a portion of the key territories where the task had the option to flop a great deal. Acquisition strategies investigation Every one of the acquisition approach can have it benefits and negative marks when utilized in a specific venture. So as to expand the odds of legitimate undertaking Management, right acquisition approaches must be browsed the start. The course of events, costs and the nature of the task are the key zones, which the obtainment draws near, can improve in their applications. A portion of the key methodologies, which are utilized, on the development ventures incorporate, customary or configuration offer and assemble, structure and build obtainment, Management acquisition and community oriented acquirement among different tasks. The dangers components in the undertakings are the principle territory, which the acquisition draws near, can address (Smith and Love, 2001). In addition, the acquirement approaches can determine the obligations of the various gatherings and the way on which the development method will be completed. The hazard the board is additionally key component where the var ious gatherings can share the dangers engaged with the undertaking. In addition, the acquisition approaches can upgrade the viability in the cost usage, the nature of work execution and adequacy in the hour of finishing. Toward the end, the best methodology will have the option to decrease the hazard which is related with the task. The acquirement the executives can show the dangers, which are included between the various gatherings, and the manner in which they share the dangers. This is one of the key acquisition approach which has been utilized in the development business. in this strategy, the customer can expect just the dangers which are not related with the development exercises. The temporary worker bears all the dangers which are identified with the development exercises. A specialist is additionally included, where he is named to do the plan and cost control of the tasks (Center for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). Additionally, the temporary worker has dangers identified with workmanship and materials including all the exercises, which the subcontractors can do, and the providers. Besides, through this methodology, ambitious start of works is conceivable. Other key sub draws near, which incorporate, single amount contracts in which the agreement total is resolved before the start even the development and the sum is settled upon. The other sub class is the cost repayment where the agreement aggregate is accomplished throug h the premise of real expense of work, plants and material and afterward the charges to cover the overheads and benefits are included. Customary obtainment methodology Under this sub approach, the temporary worker can characterize the measure of work which the individual has done and consequently is remunerated the concurred sum. Vacillations can occur on the concurred entirety based on variances of the work, plants and materials, which are at that point, secured utilizing a recipe or checking the solicitations. The drawings and filled bill of amounts are utilized to show up at the agreement whole through this strategy. Through this technique, the work which is conveyed by the contractual worker isn't effectively quantifiable precisely through the offering. This technique is otherwise called the re-estimation contract. The structure is generally used to precisely add up to the sum and nature of what is required and given to the giver (Holt, Proverbs and Love, 2000). Also, the business needs to acknowledge the hazard included when the works are beginning without exact thought on the all out expense. Through this strategy, the contactor can complete a transitional measure of work on the premise that he will be paid the prime sum or just the genuine expense of the work, plants utilized and materials (Mortledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). In addition, the administration expense is likewise settled upon to cover the board, overheads and the benefits of the temporary worker. It is a serious methodology in the choice of celebrated. Configuration is impacted by both the customer and advisor subsequently encouraging elevated level of usefulness and quality improvement Conviction in cost at the agreement granting is accomplished Changes are handily made on the agreement are effectively made to mastermind and oversee Dis favorable circumstances It requires some investment to development utilizing this methodology. When delivered without finish, debates typically emerge during the usage

The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays

The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Academic Discipline: English Course Name: Shakespeare Assignment Subject: The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Academic Level: Undergraduate-fourth year Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 2,235 A woman’s love is not always what it seems in a Shakespeare play. It often fails to satisfy individuals or to last for any length of time. Traditional representations of nurturing, compassionate, domestic females are abandoned in Titus Andronicus and King Johnâ€"two Shakespeare plays where love is undervalued. Women attempt to survive in these worlds of patriarchy and brutal war by obtaining their own form of power or else they will succumb to traditional expectations of weaker feminine roles. Lavinia and Tamora in Titus Andronicus are women who are frozen by and suffer for their love and loyalty. Tamora transforms from devastated mother to cruel demon void of emotion while Lavinia’s devotion to her father and Bassianus renders her a vulnerable victim. Eleanor and Constance in King John are as ambitious as Tamora and their own tidings of love are equally complicated and insincere. If Shakespeare’s women are ambitious and threatening then they become monsters who lack compassion and the capability to express true love. Innocent women are equally doomed and must unfairly suffer alongside the genuinely malicious females. For these opposing sets of characterized women, love of any kind is not supported or encouraged, for it leads to bloodshed and tears. In Titus Andronicus, initially Tamora has plenty of genuine love, particularly for her children. When Alarbus is taken prisoner by Titus and sentenced to die, Tamora pleads “[a] mother’s tears in passion for her son: / And if thy sons were ever dear to thee, / O, think my son to be as dear to me” (1.1.106-108) but Titus ignores her cries. Tamora hopes to strike a chord with Titus by appealing to his own role as parent. She is ignored and humiliated, forced to give up her son and become a slave to Rome. Her blood now boils with hatred; she is numbed with the desire for revenge and abandons compassion and love as a result. Tamora is focused on ruining the Andronici and is not distracted by human emotions. She is tremendously lucky that Saturninus, the new Emperor of Rome, chooses to marry her. Douglas Green points out “that her captivity is the sign of Titus’ power” (320) so her quick grab at Saturninus ensures her own rise to power to manipulate Titus’s fall. No longer a slave, Tamora promises Saturninus that if he “advance the Queen of Goths, / She will a handmaid be to his desires, A loving nurse, a mother to his youth” (1.1.31-33). She does not intend to spend her time truly loving him; she flatters Saturninus only to manipulate him later, needing only the power which accompanies their union. Manipulation and rhetoric are her impressive skills and Saturninus is easily fooled. He is much easier to convince than Titus, and so she will use her new husband to exact her revenge. Any claim Tamora makes to “love” someone is easily proved false. In the six places where Tamora uses a form of the word ‘love’ her words drip with insincerity. She does not loveâ€"she lusts. Even her adulterous relationship with Aaron is not one of love. He does not hold a special place in her heart, especially considering that she is so quick to marry Saturninus for power. Tamora refers to her lover as her “lovely Aaron” (2.3.10) only to use the same pet name for her husband later as she flatters him: “[m]y gracious lord, my lovely Saturnine, / Lord of my life, commander of my thoughts” (4.4.27-28). She uses Saturninus specifically for his powerful position as Emperor while Aaron’s role is to satisfy her in bed. Saturninus is obviously a pawn for Tamora to use and abuse, and she does not even feel remorse for having her brother-in-law murdered. She has a child with Aaron and abandons it, letting its fate be decided by strangers. Even a mother’s love which she p ossesses in the beginning has tragically disappeared. Tamora is too focused on satisfying all her cravings and is unapologetic for her cold cruelty. Lavinia is an innocent woman who desires love over ambition or powerâ€"the opposite of Tamora. She is an obedient daughter who praises her father: “In peace and honor live Lord Titus long, / My noble lord and father, live in fame!” (1.1.157-158) and Titus returns her love when he thanks Rome for keeping Lavinia “lovingly reserved/ The cordial of mine age to glad my heart” (1.1.165-166). Titus agrees to let Saturninus marry Lavinia to settle the unrest in Rome and unite the two great families and as the “silent pawn” (Green 322) Lavinia reluctantly submits. Saturninus wants “to advance / Thy name and honorable family” (1.1.238-239) and Lavinia must obey her father even if it means sacrificing her happiness with his brother Bassianus. Saturninus initially chooses her to be his wife but, after seeing Tamora he insults Lavinia, promising Tamora that “he comforts you / Can make you greater than the Queen of Goths” (1.1.268-269). If Lavinia shared Tamora’s ambition s he would be bothered by his sudden interest in Tamora, but she has no desire for power. Instead, Lavinia is relieved that Saturninus is taken with another woman, for now she is free to love Bassianus once more. She does not mind that she is leaving an Emperor for a man with less power and authority: love is more important to her than power. In her essay on children in Shakespeare Ann Blake claims that “in the world of Shakespeare’s plays the innocence of living children is constantly felt. They may tease and become tiresome but they never practice that thoughtless cruelty which appears in the imagery of the plays” (294). Although Lavinia is technically a young woman, her role as Titus’ daughter is maintained and she remains his innocent child to the audience. Blake acknowledges that many critics: try to persuade readers to see these young women as in somehow contributing to their own fate through weakness, stubbornness, or pride. Those less willing to lay blame on these victims must acknowledge that even the most virtuous…meet with tension and conflict. (301) Lavinia’s importance as dependent daughter is even more frightening when, despite the power and influence of her family, her innocence is destroyed when she is raped and mutilated. Titus was mercilessness to Tamora and her children in the beginning of the play, unknowingly condemning his own daughter later. Tamora shows no mercy in her revenge: her sons kill Bassianus in front of Lavinia, leaving her vulnerable with no man to defend her. She is a woman who has always been protected; first by her father and then Bassianus. Tamora reaches a new low when she encourages her sons to rape Lavinia, ignoring the girl’s cries: O Tamora, be called a gentle queen, And with thine own hands kill me in this place For ‘tis not life that I have begged so long; Poor I was slain when Bassianus died. (2.3.168-171) Not satisfied with simply murdering Lavinia, Tamora prolongs the pain, misery, and humiliation for as long as she can. Blake argues that it “is not necessary for innocence to be destroyed to have a powerful effect” (301), but in Titus Andronicus there is no other alternative. Lavinia remains a helpless pawn and her innocence has no chance of surviving. She represents how “the horror of violence [is] inflicted on those incapable of defending themselves, or even of understanding why they are to be hurt” (295). While Titus is spared the physical injury, he also suffers by seeing his daughter tangled in Tamora’s grip and from knowing that he is the cause of these horrors. Lavinia’s attempt to overstep her boundaries results in her brutal punishment. Her slight attack on Tamora is a huge mistakeâ€"she is no match to Tamora’s strength and cruelty. Lavinia and Bassianus discover Tamora and Aaron in a sexual liaison and Lavinia “reveals a proud, baiting wit as she rebukes Tamora” (Green 322) for betraying Saturninus. Lavinia has no experience in vindictiveness and quickly becomes Tamora’s prey. When Bassianus is killed, Lavinia mourns this loss, for her weakness is love. If she had obeyed Titus and stayed with Saturninus she would be spared the pain of her true love’s death. She and Bassianus criticize Tamora’s seductive power and flash their love in her face which incites Tamora’s rage. Lavinia and Tamora are rivals and Tamora shakes with jealousy because she knows that she is incapableâ€"or unwillingâ€"to express real love. Her marriage is a farce and Aaron is just her casual lover, but Lavinia has Titus and Bassianus to love and protec t her. Tamora must destroy these legitimate relationships because she has denied them herself. In King John Queen Eleanor is as vindictive toward Constance as Tamora is to Lavinia. She tells King John that “ambitious Constance would not cease / Til she had kindled France and all the world / Upon the right and party of her son” (1.1.32-34). She tries to blame the political turmoil on Constance’s desire for power, yet it is Eleanor’s own jealousy and ambition on display. Eleanor rejects her female identity when she calls herself “a soldier” (1.1.150). She attempts to control her son’s sovereignty as best she can “[s]o much [her] conscience whispers in [his] ear” (1.1.43). Instead of presenting herself as an understanding, nurturing mother Eleanor is a constant nuisance, an example of Shakespeare’s “feminine voices becoming more insistent” (Racken 77). Phyllis Racken claims that if a female authoritative voice exists this means “[d]elineating a chain of inheritance passed down from father to son” (77). This threat to traditional patriarchy is why women frequently have no agency or are portrayed as villainous demons. John’s position as King is not the only one in jeopardy: Eleanor’s own survival depends on his role and she is determined not to succumb to ruin. Her son lacks strength and assertiveness, and so it is her responsibility to keep their power secure. Eleanor is not motivated by love but by self-preservation. She is as sterile and detached as Tamora becomes; her relationship with King John lacks the affection one expects between mother and son. Female ambition continues to spark jealousy between women and their own compassion ceases to coexist with this desire to succeed. King John “opens a space where women can speak and act… [to] undermine the masculine historical project” (79) by illustrating their need for and ability to possess authority. Constance is desirous for her son to possess power as well, combating with Eleanor to “incite the war between England and France” (79). Although she is Eleanor’s rival and engages in heated conversations and insults, Constance lacks the same ferocity. Eleanor calls Constance a “monstrous slanderer of heaven and earth” (2.1.173) to which Constance fires back: “[t]hou monstrous injurer of heaven and earth” (2.1.174). While they argue and struggle for their sons’ success, Constance does proclaim love for her son as he approaches death: Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, … My boy, my Arthur, my fair son! My life, my joy, my food, my all the world! My widow’s comfort, and my sorrows cure! (3.4.93-105) For Constance, love remains more important than power. Eleanor, however, fails to realize this and never admits to any maternal feelings of her own. The female victim in King John is Blanche who, like Lavinia, is given the role of a virtuous and innocent young woman. She epitomizes the very image of love: If lusty love should go in quest of beauty, Where should he find it fairer than in Blanche? If zealous love should go in search of virtue, Where should he find it purer than in Blanche? If love ambitious sought a match of birth, Whose veins bound richer blood than Lady Blanche? (2.1.426-431) Eleanor sees that she can use Blanche to her advantage. She urges King John to marry Blanche to the Dauphin and to “[g]ive with our niece a dowry large enough. / For by this knot thou shalt so surely tie / Thy now unsured assurance to the crown” (2.1.469-471). Eleanor convinces her son to give Blanche to the Dauphin so their family can maintain a hold on power. Blanche submits because she is loyal to her family and “is bound in honour still to do / What [King John] in wisdom still vouchsafe to say” (2.1.522-523). She decides that it is not a union made of love, but she may learn to love in time. Blanche is similarly emotionless here because her actions are not her own; she must sacrifice her potential happiness and do what is demanded of her. In these Shakespeare plays love is not every woman’s priority or her guarantee. If love does exist at one point, it quickly dissolves under the pressure of powerful forces. Because Tamora’s love-filled pleas are rejected by Titus she denounces any future claim to kindness. The devotion of Lavinia and Blanche becomes their undoing when more ambitious women take advantage of their innocence. Rivalry and insecurity renders Eleanor a cold-hearted soldier and Constance suffers from a mother’s grief for her son. Shakespeare’s women illustrate his emphasis on the failings of loveâ€"whatever diverse forms love translates to do not always produce satisfying results and are not guaranteed to last. A woman is best to guard her love or abandon it altogether to survive and compete in a man’s brutal, ambitious world. Works Cited: Blake, Ann. “Children and Suffering in Shakespeare’s Plays.” The Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 23, 1993, pp. 294-304. Green, Douglas E. “Interpreting ‘Her Martyr’d Signs’: Gender and Tragedy in Titus Andronicus.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 40, no.3, 1989, pp. 317-326. Racken, Phyllis. “Patriarchal History and Female Subversion in King John.” King John: New Perspectives, edited by Deborah T. Curren-Aquino. Associated UP, 1989, pp. 76-90. Shakespeare, William. King John, edited by R.L. Smallwood. Penguin, 1974. Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus, edited by Sylvan Barnett. Signet, 2005. The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Where Is the Love? Punishing Innocent and Ambitious Women in Titus Andronicus and King John Academic Discipline: English Course Name: Shakespeare Assignment Subject: The Punishment of Women in Shakespearian plays Academic Level: Undergraduate-fourth year Referencing Style: MLA Word Count: 2,235 A woman’s love is not always what it seems in a Shakespeare play. It often fails to satisfy individuals or to last for any length of time. Traditional representations of nurturing, compassionate, domestic females are abandoned in Titus Andronicus and King Johnâ€"two Shakespeare plays where love is undervalued. Women attempt to survive in these worlds of patriarchy and brutal war by obtaining their own form of power or else they will succumb to traditional expectations of weaker feminine roles. Lavinia and Tamora in Titus Andronicus are women who are frozen by and suffer for their love and loyalty. Tamora transforms from devastated mother to cruel demon void of emotion while Lavinia’s devotion to her father and Bassianus renders her a vulnerable victim. Eleanor and Constance in King John are as ambitious as Tamora and their own tidings of love are equally complicated and insincere. If Shakespeare’s women are ambitious and threatening then they become monsters who lack compassion and the capability to express true love. Innocent women are equally doomed and must unfairly suffer alongside the genuinely malicious females. For these opposing sets of characterized women, love of any kind is not supported or encouraged, for it leads to bloodshed and tears. In Titus Andronicus, initially Tamora has plenty of genuine love, particularly for her children. When Alarbus is taken prisoner by Titus and sentenced to die, Tamora pleads “[a] mother’s tears in passion for her son: / And if thy sons were ever dear to thee, / O, think my son to be as dear to me” (1.1.106-108) but Titus ignores her cries. Tamora hopes to strike a chord with Titus by appealing to his own role as parent. She is ignored and humiliated, forced to give up her son and become a slave to Rome. Her blood now boils with hatred; she is numbed with the desire for revenge and abandons compassion and love as a result. Tamora is focused on ruining the Andronici and is not distracted by human emotions. She is tremendously lucky that Saturninus, the new Emperor of Rome, chooses to marry her. Douglas Green points out “that her captivity is the sign of Titus’ power” (320) so her quick grab at Saturninus ensures her own rise to power to manipulate Titus’s fall. No longer a slave, Tamora promises Saturninus that if he “advance the Queen of Goths, / She will a handmaid be to his desires, A loving nurse, a mother to his youth” (1.1.31-33). She does not intend to spend her time truly loving him; she flatters Saturninus only to manipulate him later, needing only the power which accompanies their union. Manipulation and rhetoric are her impressive skills and Saturninus is easily fooled. He is much easier to convince than Titus, and so she will use her new husband to exact her revenge. Any claim Tamora makes to “love” someone is easily proved false. In the six places where Tamora uses a form of the word ‘love’ her words drip with insincerity. She does not loveâ€"she lusts. Even her adulterous relationship with Aaron is not one of love. He does not hold a special place in her heart, especially considering that she is so quick to marry Saturninus for power. Tamora refers to her lover as her “lovely Aaron” (2.3.10) only to use the same pet name for her husband later as she flatters him: “[m]y gracious lord, my lovely Saturnine, / Lord of my life, commander of my thoughts” (4.4.27-28). She uses Saturninus specifically for his powerful position as Emperor while Aaron’s role is to satisfy her in bed. Saturninus is obviously a pawn for Tamora to use and abuse, and she does not even feel remorse for having her brother-in-law murdered. She has a child with Aaron and abandons it, letting its fate be decided by strangers. Even a mother’s love which she p ossesses in the beginning has tragically disappeared. Tamora is too focused on satisfying all her cravings and is unapologetic for her cold cruelty. Lavinia is an innocent woman who desires love over ambition or powerâ€"the opposite of Tamora. She is an obedient daughter who praises her father: “In peace and honor live Lord Titus long, / My noble lord and father, live in fame!” (1.1.157-158) and Titus returns her love when he thanks Rome for keeping Lavinia “lovingly reserved/ The cordial of mine age to glad my heart” (1.1.165-166). Titus agrees to let Saturninus marry Lavinia to settle the unrest in Rome and unite the two great families and as the “silent pawn” (Green 322) Lavinia reluctantly submits. Saturninus wants “to advance / Thy name and honorable family” (1.1.238-239) and Lavinia must obey her father even if it means sacrificing her happiness with his brother Bassianus. Saturninus initially chooses her to be his wife but, after seeing Tamora he insults Lavinia, promising Tamora that “he comforts you / Can make you greater than the Queen of Goths” (1.1.268-269). If Lavinia shared Tamora’s ambition s he would be bothered by his sudden interest in Tamora, but she has no desire for power. Instead, Lavinia is relieved that Saturninus is taken with another woman, for now she is free to love Bassianus once more. She does not mind that she is leaving an Emperor for a man with less power and authority: love is more important to her than power. In her essay on children in Shakespeare Ann Blake claims that “in the world of Shakespeare’s plays the innocence of living children is constantly felt. They may tease and become tiresome but they never practice that thoughtless cruelty which appears in the imagery of the plays” (294). Although Lavinia is technically a young woman, her role as Titus’ daughter is maintained and she remains his innocent child to the audience. Blake acknowledges that many critics: try to persuade readers to see these young women as in somehow contributing to their own fate through weakness, stubbornness, or pride. Those less willing to lay blame on these victims must acknowledge that even the most virtuous…meet with tension and conflict. (301) Lavinia’s importance as dependent daughter is even more frightening when, despite the power and influence of her family, her innocence is destroyed when she is raped and mutilated. Titus was mercilessness to Tamora and her children in the beginning of the play, unknowingly condemning his own daughter later. Tamora shows no mercy in her revenge: her sons kill Bassianus in front of Lavinia, leaving her vulnerable with no man to defend her. She is a woman who has always been protected; first by her father and then Bassianus. Tamora reaches a new low when she encourages her sons to rape Lavinia, ignoring the girl’s cries: O Tamora, be called a gentle queen, And with thine own hands kill me in this place For ‘tis not life that I have begged so long; Poor I was slain when Bassianus died. (2.3.168-171) Not satisfied with simply murdering Lavinia, Tamora prolongs the pain, misery, and humiliation for as long as she can. Blake argues that it “is not necessary for innocence to be destroyed to have a powerful effect” (301), but in Titus Andronicus there is no other alternative. Lavinia remains a helpless pawn and her innocence has no chance of surviving. She represents how “the horror of violence [is] inflicted on those incapable of defending themselves, or even of understanding why they are to be hurt” (295). While Titus is spared the physical injury, he also suffers by seeing his daughter tangled in Tamora’s grip and from knowing that he is the cause of these horrors. Lavinia’s attempt to overstep her boundaries results in her brutal punishment. Her slight attack on Tamora is a huge mistakeâ€"she is no match to Tamora’s strength and cruelty. Lavinia and Bassianus discover Tamora and Aaron in a sexual liaison and Lavinia “reveals a proud, baiting wit as she rebukes Tamora” (Green 322) for betraying Saturninus. Lavinia has no experience in vindictiveness and quickly becomes Tamora’s prey. When Bassianus is killed, Lavinia mourns this loss, for her weakness is love. If she had obeyed Titus and stayed with Saturninus she would be spared the pain of her true love’s death. She and Bassianus criticize Tamora’s seductive power and flash their love in her face which incites Tamora’s rage. Lavinia and Tamora are rivals and Tamora shakes with jealousy because she knows that she is incapableâ€"or unwillingâ€"to express real love. Her marriage is a farce and Aaron is just her casual lover, but Lavinia has Titus and Bassianus to love and protec t her. Tamora must destroy these legitimate relationships because she has denied them herself. In King John Queen Eleanor is as vindictive toward Constance as Tamora is to Lavinia. She tells King John that “ambitious Constance would not cease / Til she had kindled France and all the world / Upon the right and party of her son” (1.1.32-34). She tries to blame the political turmoil on Constance’s desire for power, yet it is Eleanor’s own jealousy and ambition on display. Eleanor rejects her female identity when she calls herself “a soldier” (1.1.150). She attempts to control her son’s sovereignty as best she can “[s]o much [her] conscience whispers in [his] ear” (1.1.43). Instead of presenting herself as an understanding, nurturing mother Eleanor is a constant nuisance, an example of Shakespeare’s “feminine voices becoming more insistent” (Racken 77). Phyllis Racken claims that if a female authoritative voice exists this means “[d]elineating a chain of inheritance passed down from father to son” (77). This threat to traditional patriarchy is why women frequently have no agency or are portrayed as villainous demons. John’s position as King is not the only one in jeopardy: Eleanor’s own survival depends on his role and she is determined not to succumb to ruin. Her son lacks strength and assertiveness, and so it is her responsibility to keep their power secure. Eleanor is not motivated by love but by self-preservation. She is as sterile and detached as Tamora becomes; her relationship with King John lacks the affection one expects between mother and son. Female ambition continues to spark jealousy between women and their own compassion ceases to coexist with this desire to succeed. King John “opens a space where women can speak and act… [to] undermine the masculine historical project” (79) by illustrating their need for and ability to possess authority. Constance is desirous for her son to possess power as well, combating with Eleanor to “incite the war between England and France” (79). Although she is Eleanor’s rival and engages in heated conversations and insults, Constance lacks the same ferocity. Eleanor calls Constance a “monstrous slanderer of heaven and earth” (2.1.173) to which Constance fires back: “[t]hou monstrous injurer of heaven and earth” (2.1.174). While they argue and struggle for their sons’ success, Constance does proclaim love for her son as he approaches death: Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, … My boy, my Arthur, my fair son! My life, my joy, my food, my all the world! My widow’s comfort, and my sorrows cure! (3.4.93-105) For Constance, love remains more important than power. Eleanor, however, fails to realize this and never admits to any maternal feelings of her own. The female victim in King John is Blanche who, like Lavinia, is given the role of a virtuous and innocent young woman. She epitomizes the very image of love: If lusty love should go in quest of beauty, Where should he find it fairer than in Blanche? If zealous love should go in search of virtue, Where should he find it purer than in Blanche? If love ambitious sought a match of birth, Whose veins bound richer blood than Lady Blanche? (2.1.426-431) Eleanor sees that she can use Blanche to her advantage. She urges King John to marry Blanche to the Dauphin and to “[g]ive with our niece a dowry large enough. / For by this knot thou shalt so surely tie / Thy now unsured assurance to the crown” (2.1.469-471). Eleanor convinces her son to give Blanche to the Dauphin so their family can maintain a hold on power. Blanche submits because she is loyal to her family and “is bound in honour still to do / What [King John] in wisdom still vouchsafe to say” (2.1.522-523). She decides that it is not a union made of love, but she may learn to love in time. Blanche is similarly emotionless here because her actions are not her own; she must sacrifice her potential happiness and do what is demanded of her. In these Shakespeare plays love is not every woman’s priority or her guarantee. If love does exist at one point, it quickly dissolves under the pressure of powerful forces. Because Tamora’s love-filled pleas are rejected by Titus she denounces any future claim to kindness. The devotion of Lavinia and Blanche becomes their undoing when more ambitious women take advantage of their innocence. Rivalry and insecurity renders Eleanor a cold-hearted soldier and Constance suffers from a mother’s grief for her son. Shakespeare’s women illustrate his emphasis on the failings of loveâ€"whatever diverse forms love translates to do not always produce satisfying results and are not guaranteed to last. A woman is best to guard her love or abandon it altogether to survive and compete in a man’s brutal, ambitious world. Works Cited: Blake, Ann. “Children and Suffering in Shakespeare’s Plays.” The Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 23, 1993, pp. 294-304. Green, Douglas E. “Interpreting ‘Her Martyr’d Signs’: Gender and Tragedy in Titus Andronicus.” Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 40, no.3, 1989, pp. 317-326. Racken, Phyllis. “Patriarchal History and Female Subversion in King John.” King John: New Perspectives, edited by Deborah T. Curren-Aquino. Associated UP, 1989, pp. 76-90. Shakespeare, William. King John, edited by R.L. Smallwood. Penguin, 1974. Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus, edited by Sylvan Barnett. Signet, 2005.

Hamlet Character Analysis Essay - 721 Words

Hamlet The tragedy, â€Å"Hamlet† written by William Shakespeare, who formulated a play about the young Prince of Denmark, Hamlet, who faces the emotions, depression, anger, and uncertainty due to the murder of his father, King Hamlet. The man who conducted this unlawful action was Hamlets uncle, step-father and the new King of Denmark, Claudius. Hamlet desires to seek revenge upon Claudius for his fathers murder and the incestuous relationship between him (Claudius) and Gertrude (Hamlets mother). In princes first soliloquy, he contemplates on committing suicide because he faces difficulty in mourning of the death of his father whom he greatly adored. Moments later, he expressed his emotions on his mothers decision to marry her dead†¦show more content†¦As the act progresses, Hamlet encounters the Ghost of his father, King Hamlet, who confessed the man who murdered him was not Fortenbraus but, his own brother, Claudius. The Ghost orders Hamlet not to permit the royal bed of Denmark [to be] a Couch for luxury(1.5.82). His father then vanishes and Hamlet enters a state of great rage and drives to complete his father’s task in aniliating Claudius. He is young so his â€Å"sinews, grow not instant old†(1.5.94) which gives him the physical strength. Hamlet is so focused on his task, he agreed to, ...wipe all trivial fond records(1.5.99) and replace them with ...[King Hamlets] commandment all alone...(1.5.101). Shakespeare elaborates on the characterization of Hamlet in this soliloquy. The author not only displays Hamlets anger and depression but, his determination in vanishing the injustice in his kingdom. To summarize, Shakespeare characterizes Hamlet by using imagery to express how Hamlet was originally depressed but, turned towards anger that later lead him to become vengeful. Shakespeare applies characterization of Queen Gertrude to display Hamlets feeling of betrayal and anger towards her. 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Week 5 Reflection Paper - 655 Words

Learning Team Reflection Andre Parker, Kellie Baker, Michael Wheeler and Jeffery Stewart LAW/531 June 16, 2013 Erikka Hise The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act This assignment instructed us to read four articles concerning Legal Issues in International and Domestic Business Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Within this assignment it discussed the crisis in corporation’s unethical practices. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 sparked the argument that United States companies are disadvantaged in international markets. The act has been controversial since its enactment, with some critics attacking it as ineffective and the American business community complaining that it places U.S. enterprises at†¦show more content†¦Civil lawsuits can also cause problems with a company’s director and officer insurance coverage. Most policies in some organizations will not cover FCPA civil penalties awarded against officers, directors, and or employees of a company. 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Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism Free Essays

string(74) " Ford Motor Corporation was transferred to Highland Park, Michigan Plant\." Name: Ginu Abraham Registration Number: H00124734 Course: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Coursework type: ESSAY Course Tutor: Dr. UmmeSalma HOW CAN THE EMERGENCE OF MNCs BE BEST EXPLAINED? Multi-National Corporations are corporations which have their head office in one country which is called the host country or the home country from where it manages their operations all over the world. Normally any corporation or group which derives the quarter of their income from their operations outside the host country is considered a multinational corporation. We will write a custom essay sample on Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are mainly four categories of Multi-National Corporations (1) a multinational, decentralized corporation with strong home country presence, (2) a global, centralized corporation that acquires cost advantages through centralized production wherever cheaper resources are available (3) an international company that builds on the parent corporation’s technology or R;amp;D (4) a transitional enterprise that combines the previous three approaches . As according to the UN data about 35000 companies have direct investment in foreign countries, and the largest 100 of them control about 40 percent of world trade. Anon. , 2012) The birth of MNC’s started from the early days of transitional trade started by Mesopotamian, Phoenician and Greek merchants. As the result of fall of Roman Empire the trade among various nations became difficult. The feudalism in Middle East and Europe resulted in wars among feudal lords and church prohibited the trade with the Muslim nations. After years the trade was established by traders of Italy who are considered as the predecessors of present day Multi-National Corporations. In the mid of seventeenth and eighteenth century Multinational corporations in the form of trading companies started. The East India Company, the French Levant Company, the Hudson Bay Company, was the main multinational companies established in those days. Standard Oil, British Petroleum, International Nickel and Ana Conda Copper were the main MNCs investing mainly in petroleum and mining industries in the early twentieth century. The MNCs went through three main phases in their growth process. The first phase came to an end almost at the beginning of the 1st World War. The European Companies such as Imperial Tobacco, Dunlop, Siemens, Philips, etc. captured the field. Due to the recessionary situation prevailing world over during the post-war period amidst of 1930-1950 the growth of Multinational corporations came to a halt. During the first phase, decades of 1950s and 1960s witnessed the emergence of American MNCs such as IBM, General Motors, and Ford Motors. The 1970’s witnessed the third phase of MNC’s. The new age belonged to the German, Europeans and Japanese MNCs. The recent years witnessed the emergence of MNCS from developing countries such as Indonesia, India etc. (Nirav, 2012) Let us consider the case of Ford Motor Corporation over the years. The life cycle of this company will help us better understand the emergence of the MNCs Ford Motors is an American automotive corporation found by Henry Ford and a number of associates, who were C. H Bennett, Alexander Malcomson, James Couzens, John W. Anderson, John F. Dodge, Charles J. Woodall, Horace H. Rackham, Horace E. Dodge, Vernon C. Fry, John S. Gray and Albert Strelow started on June 1903. The company have produced automotive parts and heavy vehicles in the past. The Ford Motor company today produces luxury and commercial cars. (Anon. , www. britannica. com) Ford introduced various methods which were later called as Fordism. These were the methods like assembly lines and management of high scale industrial work-force and methods for higher level of production of cars. Henry Ford was one most common symbol of transformation of agricultural to industrial mass production, mass consumption economy. Ford was the creative or most resourceful force which resulted in the growth to superiority of the automobile industry to the world’s prime manufacturing activity. The foremost of the transformations it made was from the craft production to the mass production which helped in the creation of markets as it is mainly based on the economies of scale and scope which resulted in the rise to giant organizations which were built upon minute divisions of labour and functional specialisation. These were the main factors which resulted in the creation of a wider market. The company grew on the concept that to manufacture it by mass and to standardize a product in end would mean to price it so low so that even the lay man would afford to buy it. Ford manufactured almost everything he required for his cars right from the basic raw materials. Ford mastered the mass production techniques to achieve significant economies by taking the task of doing everything by him. Ford was cautious about finance, accounting and giving super vision short and straight for the efficient coordination of the free flow of the raw materials and the components through the production procedure. These were the two reasons why Ford vertically integrated the corporation. Though for the complete vertical integration it needed a huge amount work force including middle managers and specialists which were to be employed and assigned according to the hierarchical scheme. Thus in the end it all helped in the vertical integration of the corporation. By 1950s, the increase in mass production made them the largest single group within every developed country. (Thompson, n. d. The following chain of events will help to shed some light on the three stages of evolution of the company to an MNC. These stages will be further explained following the key moments in history. Ford Motor Corporation sold their first car which was assembled in their Mack Avenue plant in Detroit. The first car that they sold was a two cylinder model A on July 23rd. The Model T was made available to the public in 1908 and in which model production continued until 1927. Ford Motor Corporation of Canada incorporated n ear Winsor in Ontario. In the same year Ford Motor corporation starts the production at the Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit In 1910 The Manufacturing operations of Ford Motor Corporation was transferred to Highland Park, Michigan Plant. You read "Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism" in category "Papers" The corporation established their first overseas plant in Trafford Park, Manchester, England in 1911. The experiments with the assembly line began at the Highland Park Plant. The early trials with the transmissions and magnetos were followed by the advancement of chassis assembly line by the mid of the 1913 and by the end of the 1915 the one millionth car was produced by the Ford Motor Corporation. Two years later first Ford truck was introduced which was supported by the Model T engine and in the same year the production of Fordson tractor begins which until Feb 1928 was produced only in North America. It was in the beginning of the 1922 the Ford Motor company purchased Lincoln Motor Company for 8 million dollars and Edsel Ford the son of Henry Ford was named as the president of the Lincoln. After five years from the purchase of Lincoln Motor Company, it ceases the model T production which was being sold to the public since 1908. Ford starts with production of the Model A in the same year which continues till 1932. By the beginning of 1941 ford started producing the Mercury, the first jeep and first V8 en-block engine-equipped car built. All these car productions came to a halt by the beginning of World War II in 1942 and the production of Ford passenger cars was only resumed by July 3rd 1945. Later in 1956 Ford Motor company transforms into a publicly-held company with the common stock sale in the public and was listed on NYSE in the beginning of 1956. By the same year the Ford Motor company subsidiary on Aeronutronics systems, established which specialized in defence weapons and aerospace technology. As the Ford Motor corporation went on progressing with their production and sales reaching higher demands it finally achieves exceeded earnings than those of the General Motors for the First time in 1986/1987. The same year it earns record profits of 4. 63 billion but later on in 1991 Ford Motor Company’s largest loss in a year was recorded as 2. 3 billion. As the result the Ford Motor company creates a Quality Care system to meet the needs the Ford dealerships and Ford owners. The same year Ford and Volkswagen Embark on a joint venture in â€Å"Auto Europa†, which is an organisation which produce multipurpose vehicles in Portugal. Later next year Ford’s F series truck known as the best-selling truck for the tenth consecutive years in United States. Ford also succeeds in producing the first car which has environment friendly air-conditioning system. By the same year, Ford acquires 50% of the Mazda Motor Manufacturing and renames it as Auto Alliance International. In the year 1993, Ford is claims five of the eight top selling vehicles in the United States. The same year the first formal Ford Dealerships were placed inside the mainland China and the Ford China operations later secured the manufacturing and assembly. In 1994 the first ford assembly began in India and acquires the world’s largest car rental company named Hertz. Finally in 1995 the Ford 2000 is initiated which was said to combine the power, resources ultimately to be a world company with the intimacy and agility of a small one. (Anon. , 2010) Later through years till to date the Ford Motor Corporation concentrated firmly on increasing the consumer base by marketing and developing new products and to achieve their globalization goals. Ford also tried to put more effort on the research and development to increase their consumer base by commercialising cars powered with natural gas. The company advanced by developing and introducing new features like side impact airbags to their products. The growth and development of the corporation reached even up to the teaming up with the NASA to develop features for their cars which no other corporations in automobile industry have ever provided. Over the years though the ford corporation have already started selling their products, after the 90s it came to a broader perspective of growth by extending their fields to various other sections by teaming up with NASA, Oracle Corporation and even a YMCA Childcare, which portrays the in deep goals to become more than a popular automobile manufacturing corporation. At this juncture I would like to shed some light on three stage of evolution that the Ford Corporation had to get through to become a MNC. There are generally three stages of evolution for a corporation to become a Multinational Corporation; they are the Export stage, Foreign Production Stage and finally the Multinational stage. (BRIMS, n. d. ) The Fords motor Corporation which after its incorporation in 1903 made their first model commercialised for the public after a few years from incorporation. At this first stage of Export, it is the point of time were the Ford Motor Corporation had to completely rely on the export agents for exporting the cars outside their home country as they had no other option to increase their export sales. They built plants in Detroit and Michigan to increase the production to satisfy the demand for the cars. The company focuses mainly on achieving higher number of export sales and introduces methods like assembly line to reduce cost and to save time which ultimately increases the production. In the second stage of foreign production, the Ford motor corporation’s export sales reach the limits of the sales to the foreign countries in means of export sales. Now the Corporation had the option of either to start a plant in a foreign country or to license corporation’s technology to a new company in a foreign country is a risky choice as it may result in transfer of trade secrets regarding the technology to a new firm thereby paving way for the rise of a rival. In spite of these facts the Ford Motor Corporation established their foremost overseas manufacturing plant in Trafford Park, Manchester. Thus the productivity of the Ford Motor Corporation increases and in 1915 it produces he one millionth ford car and over the decades the Ford Motor Corporation increases their productivity by building more efficient and advanced plants throughout the home country and in foreign countries as well, which means it has already entered the final stage of being a multinational company. In this final stage, Ford Motor Corporation focuses on research and development, financing, and recruiting and co-ordinating production. By viewing the world market into a broader and growth intended view which results in the standardisation of products and the services paving way for the emergence of MNCs. From this it is easy for us to understand the different phases involved in an organisation’s transformation into an MNC. This also helps us to understand the changing market trends and consumer behavioural characteristics thus helping us understand the concept of business as a whole. REFERENCE Anon. , 2010. www. thehenryford. org. [Online] Available at: http://www. thehenryford. org/exhibits/fmc/chrono. asp [Accessed 19 09 2012]. Anon. , 2012. www. businessdictionary. com. [Online] Available at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/multinational-corporation-MNC. html Anon. , www. britannica. com. www. britannica. com. Online] Available at: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/213265/Ford-Motor-Company [Accessed 19 09 2012]. BRIMS, D. V. , n. d. A Brief on MNCs inside pages, s. l. : s. n. BRIMS, D. V. , n. d. A Brief on MNCs inside pages, s. l. : s. n. Nirav, S. , 2012. www. preservearticles. com. [Online] Available at: http://www. preservearticles. com/2012020122380/emergence-of-mncs-in-a-historical-perspective. html [Accessed 20 09 2012]. Thompson, G. F. , n. d. Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible System of Production, Virginia: s. n. Thompson, G. F. , n. d. Fordism, Post-Fordism and the Flexible Sytem of Production , Virginia: s. n. How to cite Emergence of Mncs the Rise of Fordism, Papers

WTO and Its Success in Jordan

Introduction: WTO Principles in Jordan Globalization seems to have taken its toll on business and economy all over the world. For those states that have not been included into the WTO, it is becoming increasingly hard to provide its citizens with decent opportunities in education and career (Ekins Voituriez 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO and Its Success in Jordan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, joining the WTO also means facing a number of challenges. Despite the success and opportunities that entering the WTO is bound to bring to Jordan entrepreneurs, the state is obviously going to suffer a crisis caused by the necessity to comply with the standards of the organization, which the Gravity Model is bound to help with. Discussion: The Essence of Economic Growth Story Jordan is primarily known for its scarce resources (El-Naser 2009). As a result, the state owns much money to its current busi ness partners. With better logistics strategy, Jordanian entrepreneurs could focus on improving their companies’ performance; however, at present, most money goes for transportation and delivery of the products. As a result, the state is in huge debt to its business partners (Oxford Business Group 2009). However, by entering the WTO, the state authorities hope to raise the public and private entrepreneurships’ revenues (Ibpusa 2009). Model As it has been stressed, the Jordanian government is going to implement the Gravity Model, which presupposes that Jordan will have to pick its business partners based not only on the influence that the latter have in the WTO, but also on the distance between the two states (van Bergeijk Brakman 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Outcomes It is expected that participation in the WTO and trading in the realm of the global market will bring Jordan economic success: â€Å"for a small country such as Jordan, liberalizing the economy and integration into the world market could offer the best prospect to overcome the limited scale of the domestic economy and to help increase productivity through specialization† (Saqfalhait 2012, p. 180). Analysis: The Success of the Gravity Model Positive effects Despite the rapid change that the economy of Jordan was to be exposed to, there has been a lot of improvement in the business sphere of the state. As the existing reports show, private entrepreneurship was finally given another chance to grow, and the problem of unemployment in public and private organizations was partially solved. In addition, employees were finally provided with more options for personal and professional growth (Carroll 2003). However, these are not the only positive effects that the agreement with the WTO brought Jordan and its businessmen. In addition to the chances for small and mediu m entrepreneurship (SME) development, the opportunities for the state economy in general emerged (Fawzy 2002). Opportunities Perhaps, one of the most impressive positive effects that the introduction of the WTO principles into the economic strategies of Jordan has had on the country’s economy concerns the opportunities that the Jordan entrepreneurs, as well as the state government, have in front of them. By joining the WTO system, Jordan has become a member of the worldwide trade process, therefore, increasing its chances on not only getting investments from foreign states, but also starting partnership with major foreign companies and expanding some of the most efficient Jordan entrepreneurships into international corporations (Lucas 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO and Its Success in Jordan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Challenges However, by accepting the WTO basic guidelines and becoming a part of the global trade system, the state authorities have also exposed the Jordan economy to an incredibly competitive environment, therefore, making its major companies especially vulnerable to the high-grossing rivals from other states (Malkawi 2006). Apart from high competition rates, Jordan will also have to face the challenge of rearranging some of its businesses so that they could fit into the global trade environment. The process of adapting towards the new rules is not going to be easy and will most certainly take considerable time (Tomaria 2008). Negative effects Sadly enough, by signing the agreement with the WTO, Jordan authorities have also had certain negative effects on the state economy. Every change occurring to a state triggers certain problems, since, to get adjusted to this change both in political and economical field, state officials need much time, money and effort (Hassan Al-Saci 2004). (Mitchell 2005). Nevertheless, due to the reasonable steps undertaken by the Jordan government, it can be assumed that the state economy is out of danger at present. Still, a brief overview of the current threats and the means to handle them is still required (Mitchell 2005). Evaluation As it has been stressed above, most of the issues that the Jordanian business people and entrepreneurs are having at present can be considered temporary and will be solved as soon as the process of adapting towards the new WTO principles is over (Center for International Private Enterprise 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, other issues need an urgent solution, which calls for certain measures to be taken. To start with, it is clear that the Jordanian SMEs require help from the government or foreign investors in order to become competitive in the new environment (International Monetary Fund 2004). Even with the quality of the production raised, there are still a lot of issues to be solved, especially the ones concerning technology and the availability of resources. As a result, it is crucial that SMEs should be provided with support from the government, i.e., better loan options in banks, etc. Current issues and their solutions When it comes to the evaluation of the major blocks standing in the way of Jordan entering the global market, the concern regarding the national debt must be mentioned. Indeed, according to the recent calculations, the debt that Jordan acquired due to the overseas borrowings made in 1980 reached drastic proportions in merely several years (International Monetary Fund 20 08). To solve the given problem, Jordan had to improve its economy, which could be carried out by allowing SMEs develop. The Jordan parliament, however, preferred another means to solve the situation, which concerned cutting the national budget. These endeavors to replenish the national economy and get out of the debt, however, did not lead to any fruitful results: There was a realization that, for a small country such as Jordan, liberalizing the economy and integration into the world market could offer the best prospect to overcome the limited scale of the domestic economy and to help increase productivity through specialization. (Saqfalhait 2012, p. 180) Therefore, it was clear that restructuring the national economy by accepting the WTO rules and joining the process of international trade seemed much like a perfect way out of the given problem to the Jordanian authorities. However, it appears that, to handle the situation regarding the debt that Jordan is currently in, the state needs the assistance from international partners (El-Said Becker 2001). The given tactics will allow for not only attracting more investors, who can possibly help the Jordanian SMEs take off the ground and become successful international enterprises, but will also allow for the exchange of experience and the introduction of new business strategies into the Jordanian companies, both public and private (Stevenson 2010). The last, but definitely not the least goal that the introduction of the WTO principles will help the state to accomplish concerns the upgrade in the qualifications of the labor force, which, according to the recently acquired information, has rather dated skills and needs to update them so that the performance of the staff could be up to the WTO standards (Masiejewski, Mansur, Alonso-Gamo 1990). The aforementioned challenges can be faced and dealt with efficiently once the principles of the Multinational Trading System are firmly integrated into the Jordan economy ( Bindi Angelescu 2012). By adopting a flexible system of government procurement, the Jordanian authorities will be able to get the public and private companies into the process of integration with the multinational trading system (Chauffour Maur 2011). Conclusion: Multinational Trading System As it has been stressed, the process of entering the multinational trading system will not flow impeccably perfect; on the contrary, with the debt that the Jordanian government has at present, it can be assumed that Jordanian entrepreneurs will have a number of issues in finding business partners, as well as customers to promote their services to. However, these issues can be dealt with. Multinational Trading System might be a bit of a challenge, with all the regulations and the high standards that every state has to uphold to. However, the opportunities that the members of the WTO can enjoy definitely compensate for the pressure of competition and the need to keep an eye on upgrading business strategies. Recommendations: What Can Be Improved The process of Jordan integrating into the world market is most likely to result in the state having certain economical issues at first. Seeing how the Jordanian SMEs need further development, which also requires financial resources, it will be necessary to attract partners who could invest into the Jordanian SMEs and public companies development, as well as the training of the staff. Consequently, it would be wrong to assume that the state is going to pay its debt immediately and recover from the losses that it has been taking for the last few decades. Therefore, the only possible solution for Jordan at present is to figure out how to adapt to the requirements set by the WTO and encourage the growth of the state SMEs, which the Gravity Model can allow for. Reference List Bindi, F Angelescu, I 2012, The foreign policy of the European Union: assessing Europe’s role in the world (2nd ed.), The Brookings Institution, Washington , DC. Carroll, K B 2003, Business as usual: Economic reform in Jordan, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD. Center for International Private Enterprise 2010, Strategies for policy reform (vol. 2): Engaging entrepreneurs in democratic governance, CIPE, Washington, DC. Chauffour, J-P Maur, J-C 2011, Preferential trade agreement policies for development, The World Bank, Washington, DC. Ekins, P Voituriez, T 2012, Trade, globalization and sustainability impact assessment, Earthscan, Sterling, VA. El-Naser, H 2009, Management of scarce water resources: A Middle Eastern experience, MIT University Press, Billerica, MA. El-Said, H Becker, K 2001, Management and international business issues in Jordan, Routledge, New York, NY. Fawzy, S 2002, Globalization and firm competitiveness in Middle East, World Bank Publications, Washington, DC. Hassan, F M A Al-Saci D 2004, Jordan: Supporting stable development in a challenging region, World Bank Publications, Washington, DC. Ibpusa 2009, Islamic financi al institutions, Intel Business Publications, Washington, DC. International Monetary Fund 2004, Jordan: 2004, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. International Monetary Fund 2008, Jordan: 2008, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. Lucas, R E 2006, Institutions and the politics of survival in Jordan, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY. Malkawi, B H 2006, Jordan and the World trading system: A case study, American University Library, Washington, DC. Masiejewski, E, Mansur, A S, Alonso-Gamo, P 1990, Jordan – strategy for adjustment and growth, International Monetary Fund Publication Services, Washington, DC. Mitchell, A D 2005, Challenges and prospects for the WTO, Cameron May, London, UK. Oxford Business Group 2009, The report: Jordan 2009. Oxford Business Group, Oxford, UK. Saqfalhait, N 2012, ‘Jordan WTO accession: A quantitative investigation and estimation of a gravity model,’ Applied Econometrics and International Development, vol . 12 no. 2, pp. 180–196. Stevenson, L 2010. Private sector and enterprise development: fostering growth in the Middle East and North Africa, Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA. Tomaria, R V 2008, Legacy of a rentier state: Reforming Jordan’s energy, water and telecommunications sectors, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Van Bergeijk, P G A, Brakman, S 2010, The gravity model in international trade: advances and applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. This essay on WTO and Its Success in Jordan was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.